The job of the ignition system is to produce the spark that ignites the fuel/air mixture in the engine combustion chamber. It consists of a power source (either battery or a generator), a switching device to start and stop current flow at set intervals (contact breaker points or an electronic switch), a device to produce a high voltage (ignition coil) and a spark plug. This is the wiring diagram for the ignition system of the 1978 C90 z2 super cub:

The spark is produced when an electric current jumps the gap between the spark plug electrodes.

If you've ever received an electrostatic shock after walking on a nylon carpet then you will be familiar with the phenomenon: the spark happens because because you have become electrically 'charged'^[1] and the large potential difference (aka voltage) between you and the object you are reaching towards causes the molecules in the air – which are normally poor conductors – to break apart into charged particles so that the gas becomes conductive (this process is called ionisation). At this point the charge can “arc” across the gas. The resulting electric current heats the gas and causes it to expand rapidly resulting in noise and light (a spark).

Honda used several types of ignition system in their super cubs - the version used in the 6v C90s (1965 to 1982) is battery ignition.

Battery Ignition

Creating a spark requires potential energy of thousands of volts. Since motorcycle electrical systems run at 6 or 12 volts a device is needed to transform the low voltage to a high voltage, and this is the job of the ignition coil. In the system used on the 6v C90s low voltage current flows from the battery to the ignition coil at intervals determined by the contact breaker points and is transformed by the ignition coil into a high voltage current which jumps the spark plug gap.

This type of system is called battery ignition or Kettering ignition (after the man who invented it in 1911, Charles Kettering). Until the mid 1960s introduction of the CM90, Honda super cubs used an even older system called magneto ignition that dated from the turn of the 20th Century. Although there are pros and cons to each solution, when motorcycle manufacturers moved over to battery ignition in the 1950s and 1960s it was generally regarded as a more reliable (and cheaper) system.

The main disadvantage of battery ignition is that if the battery is not sufficiently charged the quality of the spark is effected and this can cause the bike to run poorly. Sometimes the resulting problems announce themselves when the battery is running low but still has enough charge to run the ignition. When this happens the bike will run properly until an extra demand is placed on the battery - for instance when using the turn signal indicators - at which point the ignition system no longer has sufficient current and the engine stalls or misfires.

Honda used three other ignition systems on their super cubs (Magneto, Energy Transfer Ignition and CDI) and these are described below. If you want to know about the parts used in the 6v battery ignition system you can read about them here.

Magneto ignition

This type of ignition was used on the early production run of the first super cub, the c100.

These bikes had an alternating current (AC) generator^[2] with two coils, one for ignition and one for lighting.

The rotating flywheel magnets generate an alternating current in the high tension coil and a high voltage is transmitted to the spark plug at regular intervals determined by the contact breaker (see the Ignition Coil section below for information on how the very high voltage needed to create a spark is induced).

The "light coil" is a low voltage coil that powers the head, tail & meter lamps and charges the battery. Although not shown in the picture above, a battery was still fitted on the early c100s to run "safety features" like the horn, turn signal indicators and brake light.

The later run of the C100, and most of the other super cubs produced in the 60s, used a type of ignition that Honda calls Energy Transfer.

Energy Transfer Ignition

This system uses a low voltage magneto and a separate AC coil to induce high voltage for the spark plug. Honda call this system Energy Transfer (if you are interested in how it works you can read the explanation on p31 of Honda's Electrical System Manual).

Although both the battery and magneto systems were old designs, even in the late 50s/early 1960s when Honda started using them, nothing much better came along until the 1970s when the development of transistorised electrical components meant it was possible to replace the mechanical contact breaker points with an electronic switch. Honda adopted the technology in the form of the Capacitor Discharge Ignition (CDI) system used on the 1983 12v C90C model and, a couple of years earlier, on the C70.

Capacitor Discharge Ignition

In this system an AC generator charges a capacitor^[3] and a timer (pulse generator) tells the electronic switch in the CDI unit to connect the capacitor to the ignition coil. As the capacitor discharges into the primary winding a high voltage is induced in the the ignition coil, creating the spark.

This design resolves several maintenance issues with the battery ignition system used on the older 6v C90s as it eliminates the contract breaker points and the mechanical spark advance unit and, unlike the 6v engine, does not require a fully charged battery to run^[4].

The components that make the 6v battery ignition work (see the wiring diagram above) are explained below:

Ignition Coil

As the electrical current passes from the battery through the ignition coil (which is made up of an iron core, primary and secondary coils) a magnetic field is created around the primary coil.

The magnetic field is effectively a store of energy which can then be converted back into electricity. When a coil of wire is exposed to a magnetic field and the magnetic field then changes it creates an electric current in the coil of wire. This process is known as ‘inductance’.

When a spark is required the contact breaker stops the flow of electricity into the primary coil causing the magnetic field to collapse back in towards the coil of wire and this induces a current in the secondary coil. There are many more windings in the secondary coil winding than the primary and this transforms the original 6-volt supply into the high voltage needed by the spark plug. The very high voltage created in the secondary winding is sufficient to cause the electric current to arc across the gap between the spark plug electrodes, creating the spark.

Condenser

The Honda manuals say the condenser (a device that can store electrical energy) has two functions in the system

"the condenser prevents arching at the points and helps to hasten the collapse of the magnetic field...

The first function is explained like this:

As the contact points open, the effect of the collapsing magnetic field in the ignition coil also creates some voltage surge in the primary circuit. The condenser absorbs the voltage surge and thus helps to prevent the contact points from arching as they separate."

It seems that when the points open the primary coil earth connection to the frame is disconnected but it can now earth through the condenser. The condenser is able to store enough energy to delay the voltage surge slightly and this allows the points to open far enough to prevent the voltage surge arching across the gap^[5].

I could not understand any of the explanations of how the condenser helps hasten the collapse of the magnetic field but apparently this is what it does and is the reason that another symptom of a failed condenser is rough running and misfires.

Spark plug

Honda recommended a NGH DR6H spark plug for the C90z models sold in the UK

Here is what Honda say about spark plugs:

NGK numbering scheme

NGK spark plug identifiers follow a numbering scheme that describe the physical properties of the plug.

The code for the UK C90Z spark plug, DR6HS, is broken down as follows:

• shell dimensions: D (12mm thread, 18mm hex nut)
• Construction type: R (resistor type)
• heat range: = 6
• Thread Reach: H - 12.75mm
• Firing end construction: S (standard 2.5mm centre electrode)^[6]

The older C90s use a conventional 12mm spark plug, but the smaller bikes use an unusual 10mm plug. When the 50cc Super Cub was being designed in the late 1950s, the engineers were struggling to get enough power from the engine and wanted to enlarge the intake and exhaust valves but the there was not enough room in the cylinder head when using standard spark plugs. Rather than expand the capacity of the engine, Honda asked NGK to create a 10mm plug specially for their new bike. As a result Honda was able to get an output of 4.3 PS for the 50cc engine (about twice as much power as anybody else at the time)^[7]. A good example of Soichiro Honda's view that 'common sense is there in order for us to break through it'.

Heat Range

As explained in the Honda manual above, the heat rating is a measure of the ability of the spark plug to dissipate heat. This is mainly determined by the length of the insulator “nose” that extends into the combustion chamber: a hot plug will have a longer insulator nose that tends to transfer heat slower and this raises the operating temperature of the plug:

Because the operating temperature of the plug is determined by a combination of engine design, riding conditions, engine rpm and load, Honda sometimes specified different heat ratings for the same model in different markets, according to the typical riding conditions, climate and fuel grades that would be encountered. You will sometimes see in older manuals that two plugs are specified, one for normal use and a second, colder, plug for “heavy stress environments” (for example extended high speed riding).

Using the wrong heat range can result in an abnormal combustion process called pre-ignition: the overheated electrode of the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixture before the spark and this causes the piston to overheat (when this happens the centre of the piston dome can collapse leaving a tell-tale hole).

Resistor type plugs

This is what NGK says about resistor plugs

At the moment the spark jumps the gap it causes a high frequency burst of energy, known as RFI (radio frequency interference). RFI, as its name suggests, creates static on your radio and interference with other electronic equipment, including the vehicle’s on-board electronic control units (ECUs).

Resistor plugs were developed in the 1960s to suppress some of the spark energy, thus lowering RFI to an acceptable level. Most resistor spark plugs use a monolithic resistor, generally made of graphite and glass materials, to filter the electrical voltage as it passes through the center electrode.

Since resistor type plugs actually “resist” some of the spark energy, non-resistor type plugs actually deliver a more powerful spark.

Although modern TVs and radios are shielded from this kind of RFI, back in the 60s this was a major nuisance and many countries legislated to ensure that car and motorbike ignition systems were fitted with resistors to reduce the interference they caused.

Honda's original design was to use spark plug caps with built in 5k ohm resistors and non-resisted spark plugs, but in the late seventies/early eighties they specified both resisted spark plugs and resisted spark caps in some markets (including the UK and US), presumably in response to local legislative requirements. Apparently the additional resistance in the high voltage circuit caused by the doubled-up resistors slightly reduces the spark energy but lengthens the time the spark persists. Some people regard the additional RFI protection as overkill and run non-resistor plugs - while retaining the resistor spark plug caps - on these old battery ignition system bikes with no ill effect, however modern systems are more fussy and might not work well with unresisted plugs if they were not original specified.

Ignition timing

Ignition timing in Honda Super Cubs from the 60s and 70s is controlled by a contact breaker and spark advancer

Contact Breaker

Contact breakers (or "points"^[8]) are cam operated switches that make a connection at the point a spark is required. As explained above, when the points open the current flow to the coil ceases and this generates a spark that ignites the fuel and air mixture in the cylinder.  

Some of the Super Cubs made in the 1970s used contact breakers mounted on the crankshaft but in the Honda 6v 90cc models the points are mounted on the camshaft.

A disadvantage of driving the contact breaker from the camshaft is that it can introduce some inaccuracy to the ignition timing.  This is because the cam is timed to the crank using a chain which is subject to lost motion between the two shafts and needs regular adjustment to compensate for wear.   On the plus side, the points are easy to access when mounted in this position and, because the cam shaft is turning at half the speed of the crank, they are subject to less wear and therefore - in theory - ought to benefit from longer service life and extended adjustment intervals.   The Honda engineers clearly thought this was a good trade-off as they also used this arrangement in many of their larger twin cylinder bikes of this era.

The original C90-z points were made by TEC.  This version was superseded by an unbranded part (made by Nippon Denso, I believe).  

Cheaper pattern parts from FEW and Daiichi are available, but these were not fitted by Honda and are of dubious quality.

Dwell Time

The contact breaker 'heel' rides on a cam that has a flat spot on it.  As the cam rotates and flat area reaches the heel of the contact breaker the points are pulled closed by the metal ribbon spring shown below and this completes the circuit between the battery and the ignition coil.

The duration that the points are closed is called the "dwell time".  Dwell time is impacted by the size of the contact breaker gap at their maximum opening position because this determines how quickly the points close. Honda specify the correct setting for this gap (see Adjustment below).

This an important setting because the dwell time determines the duration the coil is charged and this influences the intensity of the spark: when the gap is too large the points are not closed long enough to allow a sufficient voltage to build up in the coil and the resulting poor spark can create difficulties starting the engine, misfires and contribute to engine overheating. Honda say that an insufficient gap causes the spark to "linger" which causes damage to the points and reduces power.

Spark Advancer

The advance mechanism is mounted behind the contact breaker plate.

The spark advancer is needed because fuel always burns at the same rate in the chamber regardless of engine speed. This means there is less time for the fuel to burn as the piston speeds up and - without a way to bring forward the ignition point -  at higher engine speeds some of the fuel would still be burning after the compression stroke completes, wasting fuel and power.  On the other hand, if the ignition timing point was fixed to create a spark earlier - so that it was optimised for higher engine speeds - then at low engine speed some of the fuel would burn before being compressed by the piston and the engine would be hard to start^[9].

The automatic spark advancer compensates for this by bringing forward the ignition point in line with the speed of the piston so that the expansion of the burning fuel always imparts the maximum force on the piston no matter what the engine speed.

It is deceptively simple device^[10] and works with very few parts:

As described above the heel of the contact breaker arm rests against the central cam on the advancer and this causes the points to open and shut at as the motor turns.

Two weighted arms are held against the cam by springs and as the engine speeds up the weights are moved outwards by centrifugal force, rotating the the cam so that it brings forward the time at which the points open.

There  is not much that can go wrong with the spark advancer, other than it can get gummed up with old grease or the springs become weakened compared to when they were new. No parts are available from Honda, so unless you can find springs of exactly the same length and weight you will have to replace the whole mechanism^[11].

Note that if you disassemble the spark advancer it is possible to install the central cam 180° out of position, and doing so will mess up the ignition timing. There are usually alignment marks on the device to indicate the correct orientation, for instance a small dot or dash on the edge of the cam that should be aligned with a corresponding mark or notch on the backing plate.  The marks vary according to the model of spark advancer installed:

Timing and point gap adjustment

The points need to be adjusted for the correct point gap and also to set the ignition timing.  The point gap must be set first as explained in the manual pages below:

The idea behind the ignition timing test shown above is that, while the points are closed, current flows from the battery through the coil to the green contact breaker wire where it can find earth through the closed points and contact breaker base, thus bypassing the timing light. When the points open this circuit is broken and the current finds earth through the timing light instead, causing it to light up and giving you a visual signal of when the the spark plug fires.

You can do an alternative test with a multimeter set to detect continuity (many multimeters will play a sound when continuity is detected). If you unplug the contact breaker wire from the harness and connect one multimeter lead to the end of the wire and also attach the other multimeter lead to the engine case then, when the points are closed - and the multimeter is therefore in a complete circuit - it will play a sound and will continue to do so until the moment the the points open. You can do the same test with a bulb: connect one wire to the positive battery terminal and the other to the disconnected contact breaker cable, and the bulb will go out when the points open. These two tests are arguably safer than the one in the manual as they can be done with the ignition turned off and there is no danger of overcharging the coil.

The contact breaker requires periodic adjustment because a combination of wear on the contact breaker 'heel' that rides on the  cam^[12] and elongation of the cam chain - which, when the tensioner takes up the slack, causes the camshaft to rotate clockwise in relation to the points - causes ignition timing to become retarded over time.  

Ignition timing plays an important role in how the engine runs:  when it is retarded - that is to say the spark occurs later than the optimum time - then there is not enough time for the fuel to burn completely causing fuel consumption to increase, power to drop and the engine can overheat.   Advanced timing can result in the engine overheating and, in severe cases, cause engine knock which can damage pistons, connecting rods and the crankshaft.

References